Media Studies

DIGITAL CONVERGENCE:   production, distribution & exhibition digital convergence - the ability to view the same multimedia content from different types devices, thanks to the digitization of content (movies, pictures, music, voice, text) and the development of connections methods. Jungle Book 2016 Streaming Services Disney + Digital Copies Saturation Distribution Digital convergent media is very prevalent in people's lives across the globe in 2016 CGI Social Media Trailers on YouTube Website - 3D Experience of the set Older Audiences, Male  The use of digital convergence presented by The Jungle Book 2016 is one of the factors that positively impacted its success and profit rates. The wide range of technological options and reach increased their ability to produce, distribute and exhibit towards a large audience - thus increasing their profits. Word of Mouth They could hype up the movie too much Lack of regulation Piracy Jungle Book 1967 Physical Copies No DVDs for some ti...

The Impact of Technology 1967 Multi-plane Creates a 3D effect with a foreground and background  Xerography Importance of personality in the characters - drawn from the voice actors CGI production was not possible Computers were too expensive, unreliable and undeveloped for use in films The animation was completed with hand drawn pictures on transparent cells Multi-plane cameras were used to shoot layered cells at different distances This created a simple 3D effect which was relatively advanced for its time. Soundtrack was mono as stereo sound was too expensive. economic contexts The film industry suffered a downturn in popularity the 1950s as other entertainment sources competed for market share - TV, Radio, Theatre... The Sword and the Stone (1963) did not make a lot of money for Disney... 2016 Payed homage to the original (and Bambi) by using a multi-plane technique in the opening sequence of the movie. They use a traditional depiction of the Disney castle that fades into the new...

ECONOMIC CONTEXTS Jungle Book 1967 Budget - $4,000,000 Gross USA - $141,843,612 Opening Weekend - $5,291,670 (1984) Worldwide Gross - $210,310,084 Fewer sources of income. Merchandising was one option - mostly toys The Jungle Book soundtrack achieved gold record status Disney relied massively on box office figures Jungle Book 2016 Budget - $175,000,000 Gross USA - $364,001,123 Opening Weekend - $103,000,000 Worldwide Gross - $966,000,000 The Jungle Book 2016 was released using the saturation distribution method where cinemas across the globe were flooded. Extensive merchandising on a global scale, due to increase in manufacturing capacity & globalised economic trade. Lots of appeal for children, e.g. toys, t-shirts

MAGAZINE TERMINOLOGY House Style - A company's preferred manner of presentation and layout of written material. Call to Action - Any statement that initiates a reaction from the reader (subscribe, read now). A piece of content intended to induce a viewer, reader, or listener to perform a specific act, typically taking the form of an instruction or directive (e.g. buy now or click here ). Mode of Address - This is the tone and the written or spoken style of the media text and the way in which it communicates with the target audience Cover Line - A headline to a story that is inside the magazine. Anchorage Text - Copy that links the image to the main story/ headline. It anchors the image to the story. Strap line/ Tagline - A catchphrase or slogan, especially as used in advertising, or the punchline of a joke. Usually at the top of the cover, above the masthead. Feature - A newspaper or magazine article or a broadcast programme devoted to the treatment of a particular topic, typ...

TO WHAT EXTENT DO FAN-MADE MEDIA PRODUCTS FOR LONG FORM TELEVISION DRAMAS REFLECT THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF HENRY JENKINS' THEORY OF PARTICIPATION CULTURE? [10 marks] The theory of Participatory Culture is a concept that allows for the understanding of a long form television drama's audience; it deals with the function and structure of fandom, its five elements. Fan-made media products play a key part within the function of fandom. The artistic expression and communal engagement with dramas such as Stranger Things and Deutschland 83 is what builds up the structure of a fan base, that will eventually fall somewhere along Jenkins' five elements of participatory culture. Jenkins believes that fans play a key role in the circulation of media. The media products that they create allow for further advertisement and reach of LFTVDs and thus are a main factor in the circulation.  The Stranger Things audience demographic consists of mostly men that are between the ages of 18-29. Despite ...

Henry Jenkins believes that fans play a key role in the circulation of media. Fan Culture - often referred to as Fandom, describes social communities built around the shared enjoyment of particular aspect of popular culture - books, movies, TV shows, bands, sports, or sports teams etc. Examples include Star Trek (The Trekkies) and Harry Potter. Fandom is an example of what are called participatory cultures (fans acting not only as consumers but also as producers and creators of creative media) . Pronsumers - someone who consumes and produces media (like in Minecraft). Textual Poaching - audiences taking a media product and remaking or reworking it to create their own meaning. THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF PARTICIPATORY CULTURE There are low barriers to artistic expression and communal engagement Resources to make fan media is easily accessible to most fans. Judgement is not made on the merit of artistry but for the enthusiasm to create and engage. Supportive of create and sharing creati...

3. EXPLAIN HOW THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT IN WHICH NEWSPAPERS ARE PRODUCED, INFLUENCES THEIR NEWS CONTENT . REFER TO THE GUARDIAN AND THE DAILY MAIL NEWSPAPERS YOU HAVE STUDIED TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER. [10 MARKS] The economic context in which newspapers are produced can be seen to influence the news content. The news industry in the UK is under free market capitalism, and so newspapers such as the Daily Mail and The Guardian are driven by the profit motive. The flight of advertising revenue from print journalism to online media in the mid 2010s starved journalism of funds. This had led to a decline in The Guardian's expensive journalism - such as international news and investigative reporting - and a rise in the Daily Mail's cheaper alternative, be it opinion, reporting celebrities and public relations events, lifestyle journalism and sport. This decline in circulation has effected both papers. Despite this, both organisations have developed similar strategies by offering free onlin...

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS 3. EXPLAIN HOW THE POLITICAL CONTEXT IN WHICH NEWSPAPERS ARE PRODUCED, INFLUENCES THEIR OWNERSHIP AND REGULATION. REFER TO THE GUARDIAN AND THE DAILY MAIL NEWSPAPERS YOU HAVE STUDIED TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.  [1O MARKS] 4. EVALUATE THE USEFULNESS OF ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IN UNDERSTANDING AUDIENCES FOR ONLINE NEWSPAPERS SUCH AS THE GUARDIAN AND THE DAILY MAIL: EITHER GERBNER'S CULTIVATION THEORY OR SHIRKY'S 'END OF AUDIENCE' THEORY [10 MARKS] WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR QUESTION 3? This question is a knowledge and understanding question on the influence of media contexts on newspapers. This question will be about the media form as a whole. You will be expected to give examples from the case study texts: The Guardian and The Daily Mail print, online and social media feeds. QUESTION 3 - KEY WORDS Political context - Freedom of Press and Capitalism! Left vs Right Ownership - Media concentration, press barons (evident in Daily Mail). Contrast of The Guardian...

AUDIENCE PROFILES Within the world of marketing, there is a move away from thinking of audiences as fitting into general demographics to thinking of audience as having a psychographic profile. What 5 things make up demographics? Age Gender Profession Location Marital Status What 5 things make up psychographics? Personality Values Activities Interests Opinions STRANGER THINGS Predominantly targeted to American audiences Also needs to attract a global audience to maximise profit and justify high budget. Therefore, ST uses a similar tactics as mainstream Hollywood movies to attract worldwide audience: Uses Hollywood star system - Winona Ryder High budgets and cinematic quality of production Mainstream genres Generic hybridity to maximise audience appeal - Sci-fi & Horror Development of franchises TARGET AUDIENCE PROFILES Demographics 18-29 54% popularity with men 46% popularity with women Highest popularity with millennial generation Regions America UK Western Europe Australia Canada ...

ALBERT BANDURA - MEDIA EFFECTS the idea that the media can implant ideas in the mind of the audience directly​ the idea that audiences acquire attitudes, emotional responses and new styles of conduct through modelling​ the idea that media representations of transgressive behaviour, such as violence or physical aggression, can lead audience members to imitate those forms of behaviour. KEY CONCEPT It is important to determine the effects that media products have on their audiences. Media effects theory often assumes a passive audience and focuses on the extent to which the media could be held responsible for problems in society. Produced in the 1960s and 70s, much has changed in our understanding of audiences and the media since Bandura’s ‘bobo doll’ experiments and ‘social learning’ theory. In media studies today, it is common practice to debunk Bandura’s research for being out-dated and irrelevant. ​ KEY EXPERIMENT: THE BOBO DOLL   The bobo doll experiments (1961-63) focused on an ...